The function of rhythmic phrases in modulations between makam jins: structural and cognitive analysis in Hüseyni and Beyati makams in Turkish Makam Music

Abstract

This study examines the structural, cognitive, morphological, and syntactic functions of rhythmic phrases used during jins modulations in the Hüseyni and Beyati modes of Turkish makam music. The research addresses how these rhythmic phrases function within the modulation processes and how they contribute to the listener's perception of these modulations. A total of 169 musical pieces (Hüseyni: n=98, Beyati: n=71) were analysed. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and odds ratios, were employed to investigate how specific rhythmic phrases contribute to predictability during modulation. The findings reveal that the Beyati mode features more frequent and regular rhythmic repetitions, while the Hüseyni mode utilises longer and more flexible rhythmic structures to guide modulations. The results indicate that rhythmic phrases do not merely accompany tonal transitions but also fulfil key structural and cognitive roles during modulation processes. This study makes significant contributions to the understanding of the cognitive and narrative functions of rhythmic structures in modulation within Turkish makam music. Future research is encouraged to explore the effects of rhythmic phrases in different modes, investigate the cognitive mechanisms from the listener's perspective, and examine perceptual processes in live performances.